Modals of Deduction
Di akhir lesson ini, kamu bisa:
- Menyimpulkan tentang masa kini dengan must/might/could/can't + be.
- Menyimpulkan tentang masa lampau dengan must/might/can't + have + V3.
- Memilih modal yang tepat sesuai tingkat keyakinan.
Bentuk & Aturan
Modals of deduction dipakai untuk menyimpulkan sesuatu berdasarkan bukti, bukan menyatakan fakta pasti. Pilihan modal menunjukkan seberapa yakin kita.
Masa kini: pola: modal + be / verb.
| Keyakinan | Modal | Contoh |
|---|---|---|
| Yakin (positif) | must be | The lights are on: someone must be home. |
| Mungkin | might / could / may be | She might be stuck in traffic. |
| Mustahil (negatif) | can't be | This can't be the right address. |
Masa lampau: pola: modal + have + V3 (past participle).
| Keyakinan | Modal | Contoh |
|---|---|---|
| Yakin (positif) | must have + V3 | He's soaked: it must have rained. |
| Mungkin | might / could / may have + V3 | They might have missed the train. |
| Mustahil (negatif) | can't / couldn't have + V3 | She can't have seen the email yet. |
Catatan: untuk dugaan negatif kita memakai can't, bukan mustn't.
❌ He mustn't have known. → ✅ He can't have known.
Kapan Dipakai
- Menyimpulkan situasi sekarang dari bukti yang ada:
His car is gone, so he must be at work.
- Menebak kemungkinan ketika kita tidak yakin:
The report isn't here: it could be on the server.
- Menolak kemungkinan sesuatu yang mustahil:
That can't be true; the data clearly shows otherwise.
- Menyimpulkan tentang kejadian lampau dari hasil yang terlihat sekarang:
The meeting room is a mess: they must have worked late.
💡 must = hampir pasti benar; can't = hampir pasti salah; might/could/may = di antaranya.
Examples (English)
The office is empty: everyone must have gone home. She might be working from home today; I'm not sure. You can't have finished the whole report in an hour! The printer is jammed again: it could be a paper problem.
Kosakata & Penanda
| English | Arti (ID) | Contoh |
|---|---|---|
| must be | pasti (kini) | He's not answering: he must be busy. |
| can't be | tidak mungkin (kini) | That can't be the right answer. |
| might be | mungkin | She might be in a meeting. |
| could be | bisa jadi | The delay could be the weather. |
| must have | pasti (lampau) | They must have left already. |
| can't have | tidak mungkin (lampau) | He can't have forgotten the meeting. |
| might have | mungkin sudah | I might have left it at home. |
| deduce (verb) | menyimpulkan | From the clues we can deduce the cause. |
Dialogue
Where is the client?
The client isn't here yet. He must be running late.
He might have got the wrong room number.
He can't have forgotten: I confirmed it this morning.
True. The traffic could be the reason, then.
Kesalahan Umum
- ❌ "He must to be tired." → ✅ "He must be tired." (modal tanpa to)
- ❌ "They must have went home." → ✅ "They must have gone home." (gunakan V3, bukan past simple)
- ❌ "He mustn't have known about it." → ✅ "He can't have known about it." (dugaan negatif = can't)
- ❌ "She might working now." → ✅ "She might be working now." (butuh be sebelum -ing)
Latihan
Cek Pemahaman
1. The lights are off. Which is the strongest deduction that nobody is home?
2. Choose the correct past deduction: 'The road is wet: it ___.'
3. Pick the correct negative deduction about the past.
4. Which shows uncertainty about now?
Lengkapi dengan modal of deduction
Flashcards
must be
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Ringkasan
- Deduction kini: modal + be/verb: must be (yakin), might/could/may be (mungkin), can't be (mustahil).
- Deduction lampau: modal + have + V3: must have, might have, can't have.
- Pilihan modal mencerminkan tingkat keyakinan, bukan fakta pasti.
- Dugaan negatif memakai can't / couldn't, bukan mustn't.