Non-defining Relative Clauses
Di akhir lesson ini, kamu bisa:
- Membentuk non-defining relative clause dengan koma dan relative pronoun yang tepat.
- Membedakan non-defining (info tambahan) dari defining (info penting).
- Menggunakan 'which' untuk merujuk pada seluruh klausa sebelumnya.
Bentuk & Aturan
Non-defining relative clause memberi informasi tambahan tentang suatu kata benda. Informasinya tidak menentukan yang mana: kalimat tetap masuk akal tanpanya. Ciri-cirinya: dipisahkan koma dan tidak boleh memakai that.
| Merujuk pada | Relative pronoun | Contoh |
|---|---|---|
| Orang (subjek) | who | My manager, who is very kind, helped me. |
| Orang (objek, formal) | whom | Mr. Tan, whom I emailed, replied fast. |
| Kepemilikan | whose | Our client, whose budget is large, agreed. |
| Benda / hal | which | The new app, which we built, launched today. |
| Tempat | where | Our office, where I work, is downtown. |
Penting: dalam non-defining clause kita tidak pernah menghilangkan relative pronoun, dan tidak pernah memakai that.
❌ The CEO, that founded the firm, is retiring. ✅ The CEO, who founded the firm, is retiring.
Kapan Dipakai
- Menambah info ekstra pada sesuatu yang sudah jelas identitasnya: info bisa dibuang:
Jakarta, which is very crowded, is the capital.
- Kontras dengan defining clause (info penting, tanpa koma, boleh pakai that):
Defining: The man who called you is my boss. (menentukan man yang mana) Non-defining: Pak Joko, who called you, is my boss. (sudah jelas siapa)
- Which untuk merujuk seluruh klausa sebelumnya (bukan satu kata benda saja):
He arrived on time, which surprised everyone. Sales doubled this quarter, which is fantastic news.
💡 Tes cepat: kalau kalimat tetap utuh setelah klausa dihapus → non-defining (pakai koma).
Examples (English)
Our director, who has 20 years of experience, will lead the project. The Tokyo branch, which opened in 2019, is now our biggest. Ms. Sari, whose team won the award, gave a short speech. They approved the budget early, which made the whole team happy.
Kosakata & Penanda
| English | Arti (ID) | Contoh |
|---|---|---|
| who | yang (orang) | My boss, who is Dutch, speaks four languages. |
| which | yang (benda/klausa) | The plan, which is risky, may still work. |
| whose | yang ... -nya | The client, whose office is in Jakarta, called. |
| where | tempat yang | Our HQ, where I work, is in Bandung. |
| whom (formal) | yang (objek, orang) | Mr. Lee, whom we met yesterday, agreed. |
| by the way | ngomong-ngomong | The report, by the way, is due today. |
| additional (adjective) | tambahan | This is additional information, not essential. |
| non-essential (adjective) | tidak esensial | A non-essential clause can be removed. |
Dialogue
Introducing a new colleague
This is Pak Rudi, who just joined the finance team.
Nice to meet you. You worked at the Surabaya branch, which is huge, right?
Yes. My old boss, whose advice I still value, transferred me here.
And he settled in fast, which impressed everyone.
Kesalahan Umum
- ❌ "My boss, that is Dutch, speaks four languages." → ✅ "My boss, who is Dutch..." (non-defining tidak pakai that)
- ❌ "Jakarta which is crowded is the capital." → ✅ "Jakarta**,** which is crowded**,** is the capital." (info tambahan butuh koma)
- ❌ "He was late, what annoyed me." → ✅ "He was late, which annoyed me." (untuk merujuk klausa pakai which, bukan what)
- ❌ "The client, who office is big, agreed." → ✅ "The client, whose office is big, agreed." (kepemilikan = whose)
Latihan
Cek Pemahaman
1. Choose the correct non-defining clause.
2. Which sentence uses 'which' to refer to the whole clause?
3. Pick the correct pronoun: 'Our client, ___ budget is huge, agreed.'
4. Which one is a defining (essential) clause?
Lengkapi dengan relative pronoun
Flashcards
who
Klik untuk lihat arti
Ringkasan
- Non-defining = info tambahan, dipisahkan koma, dan tidak pernah memakai that.
- Gunakan who/whom/whose untuk orang, which untuk benda, where untuk tempat.
- Defining (tanpa koma) memberi info penting; non-defining (dengan koma) bisa dihapus.
- which dapat merujuk pada seluruh klausa sebelumnya, bukan hanya satu kata benda.