Present Perfect

Bentuk (Form)

Present Perfect dibentuk dengan have/has + past participle (kata kerja bentuk ke-3 / V3).

Aturan penting:

• he / she / it memakai has; I/you/we/they memakai have.
• Bentuk pendek: I've, you've, he's (= he has), we've, they've; haven't, hasn't.
• Past participle (V3):
  • Kata kerja beraturan: tambah -ed → work → worked, finish → finished.
  • Kata kerja tidak beraturan: hafalkan → go → gone, see → seen, do → done, write → written, be → been, have → had.

Kapan Dipakai (Usage)

• Pengalaman hidup (kapan tidak penting, yang penting pernah/belum):

  I have visited London twice. / She has never tried sushi.

• Aksi lampau yang relevan/berdampak sekarang (recent past with present result):

  I have lost my keys. (= sekarang tidak bisa masuk) They have finished the project. (= sekarang sudah selesai)

• Waktu yang belum berakhir (today, this week, this year masih berlangsung):

  I have sent five emails this morning. (pagi belum selesai)

• Aksi yang dimulai di masa lampau dan masih berlanjut (dengan since/for):

  We have lived here since 2018. / He has worked here for ten years.

🔁 Present Perfect vs Past Simple: pakai Past Simple kalau ada waktu spesifik yang sudah selesai (yesterday, last week, in 2019, at 3 p.m.). Pakai Present Perfect kalau waktunya tidak disebut atau masih berhubungan dengan sekarang. I have seen that film. (kapan saja) vs I saw that film last night. (waktu spesifik).

Penanda Waktu (Time Markers / Signal Words)

• already (sudah, lebih cepat dari dugaan) → I have already finished. (biasanya di tengah)
• yet (belum/sudahkah, kalimat negatif & tanya) → She hasn't called yet. / Has it arrived yet?
• just (baru saja) → They have just arrived.
• ever / never (pernah / tidak pernah) → Have you ever flown business class? / I have never been late.
• since + titik waktu → since Monday, since 2020, since I was a child.
• for + durasi → for two hours, for a week, for ten years.
• recently, lately, so far → We have hired three people recently.

Examples (English)

I have already booked the meeting room for tomorrow. She hasn't finished the report yet. Have you ever worked with this client before? We have known each other for ten years.

Kosakata & Penanda

Dialogue

Kesalahan Umum (Common Mistakes)

• ❌ "I have seen him yesterday." → ✅ "I saw him yesterday." (waktu spesifik pakai Past Simple)
• ❌ "I have worked here since ten years." → ✅ "I have worked here for ten years." (durasi pakai for)
• ❌ "She has lived here for 2018." → ✅ "She has lived here since 2018." (titik waktu pakai since)
• ❌ "Have you ever went there?" → ✅ "Have you ever been there?" (pakai past participle, bukan past simple)
• ❌ "He has already not arrived." → ✅ "He hasn't arrived yet." (negatif pakai yet, bukan already)

Latihan

Flashcards

Ringkasan

• Bentuk: have/has + past participle (V3).
• Fungsi: pengalaman, aksi lampau yang berdampak sekarang, dan waktu yang belum berakhir.
• since vs for: since = titik waktu (since 2020), for = durasi (for two years).
• Penanda: already, yet, just, ever, never, recently.
• Jebakan: dengan waktu spesifik (yesterday, last week) pakai Past Simple, bukan Present Perfect.