Discourse Markers & Cohesion
Di akhir lesson ini, kamu bisa:
- Memilih penanda wacana yang tepat untuk kontras, penambahan, dan kesimpulan.
- Menjaga kepaduan dengan rujukan (this, such, the former) dan substitusi (one, do so, so).
- Menghubungkan paragraf agar argumen mengalir alih-alih melompat-lompat.
Bentuk & Aturan
Discourse markers (penanda wacana) adalah kata/frasa yang menghubungkan gagasan dan menandai arah argumen: kontras, penambahan, atau kesimpulan. Berbeda dari konjungsi biasa (but, and), penanda ini lebih formal dan biasanya mengawali kalimat dengan koma.
| Fungsi | Penanda | Contoh |
|---|---|---|
| Kontras | however, nevertheless, in contrast, that said, on the contrary | The cost is high. However, the value justifies it. |
| Penambahan | furthermore, moreover, in addition, what's more | It's fast. Furthermore, it's affordable. |
| Kesimpulan / tinjauan | on the whole, all in all, in short, to sum up | On the whole, the project succeeded. |
| Penegasan ulang | indeed, in fact, as a matter of fact | It's good. Indeed, it's the best so far. |
Kohesi (cohesion) menjaga teks mengalir tanpa pengulangan lewat dua alat:
| Alat | Cara kerja | Contoh |
|---|---|---|
| Referencing | merujuk balik dengan this, that, such, the former/latter | We cut prices. This boosted demand. |
| Substitution | mengganti kata berulang dengan one/ones, do so, so/not | I need a charger. Have you got one? |
Catatan penting:
- However ≠ but posisinya: however mengawali kalimat baru dengan titik koma atau titik
- koma → It's late; however, we'll finish. (bukan koma saja).
- That said dan on the whole adalah frasa lisan-tulisan yang sangat lazim di tingkat lanjut untuk mengakui sisi lain lalu melanjutkan.
- Substitution mencegah pengulangan: "a faster one", "please do so", "I think so / I hope not".
Kapan Dipakai
- Mengakui keberatan lalu tetap melanjutkan dengan however / nevertheless / that said:
The budget is tight. That said, we can phase the rollout.
- Menambah bukti yang menguatkan dengan furthermore / moreover:
The tool saves time. Moreover, it reduces errors.
- Menutup dengan penilaian menyeluruh dengan on the whole / all in all:
All in all, the quarter exceeded expectations.
- Menghindari pengulangan dengan rujukan/substitusi:
We launched two versions; the latter performed better, so we kept it.
Examples (English)
The first draft was rushed; nevertheless, it captured the main idea. Our margins are thin. Furthermore, demand is unpredictable. We considered cloud and on-premise; the former proved cheaper to scale. Could you sign the form? Please do so before noon.
Kosakata & Penanda
| English | Arti (ID) | Contoh |
|---|---|---|
| however | namun | The plan is bold; however, it's risky. |
| nevertheless | meski demikian | It rained; nevertheless, we shipped. |
| furthermore | lebih lanjut / selain itu | It's cheap; furthermore, it's fast. |
| in contrast | sebaliknya / berbeda dengan itu | Sales fell; in contrast, costs rose. |
| that said (phrase) | meski begitu / kendati demikian | It's late. That said, we can finish. |
| on the whole (phrase) | secara keseluruhan | On the whole, the launch went well. |
| do so (phrase) | melakukannya (substitusi) | Please review it, and do so today. |
| the former / the latter | yang pertama / yang kedua | We tried A and B; the latter worked. |
Dialogue
Summing up a quarterly report
Revenue grew this quarter. However, churn also rose slightly.
That said, the new feature clearly drove most of the growth.
Furthermore, support tickets dropped, which helped retention.
We tested two onboarding flows; the latter performed better, so we kept it.
On the whole, then, a solid quarter. Let's say so in the summary.
Kesalahan Umum
- ❌ "It's late, however we'll finish." → ✅ "It's late**; however,** we'll finish." (however butuh titik koma/titik + koma, bukan koma saja)
- ❌ "Furthermore of the cost, it's slow." → ✅ "Furthermore, it's slow." (furthermore mengawali kalimat penuh, bukan frasa furthermore of)
- ❌ "I need a charger. Have you got it?" → ✅ "Have you got one?" (substitusi one untuk benda tak spesifik, it untuk yang sudah jelas)
- ❌ "Please do it so." → ✅ "Please do so." (substitusi verba adalah do so, bukan do it so)
Latihan
Cek Pemahaman
1. Which marker best signals contrast at the start of a new sentence?
2. Choose the correctly punctuated sentence.
3. Pick the natural substitution: 'I need a pen. Have you got ___?'
Lengkapi
Flashcards
however
Klik untuk lihat arti
Ringkasan
- Penanda wacana menandai arah argumen: kontras (however, nevertheless, that said), penambahan (furthermore, moreover), kesimpulan (on the whole, all in all).
- Tanda baca: however/furthermore mengawali klausa baru dengan titik koma/titik + koma, bukan koma saja.
- Kohesi: referencing (this, such, the former/latter) dan substitution (one/ones, do so, so/not) menghindari pengulangan dan membuat teks mengalir.
- Jebakan utama: one untuk benda tak spesifik vs it untuk yang jelas; substitusi verba adalah do so.