Building an Argument
Di akhir lesson ini, kamu bisa:
- Menyusun argumen secara berurutan dengan penanda wacana (Firstly, Moreover, Therefore).
- Mendukung klaim dengan bukti, data, dan contoh konkret.
- Menarik kesimpulan logis yang mengikuti dari poin-poin sebelumnya.
Penjelasan (ID)
Argumen yang meyakinkan terasa logis dan mengalir. Rahasianya adalah struktur - audiens harus tahu di mana posisi mereka dalam alur penalaranmu. Gunakan penanda wacana (discourse markers) untuk menuntun mereka dari satu poin ke poin berikutnya.
Kerangka empat langkah:
| Tahap | Fungsi | Penanda |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Poin utama | Menyatakan klaim pertama | Firstly, / To begin with, |
| 2. Penguatan | Menambah alasan baru | Moreover, / In addition, / Furthermore, |
| 3. Konsekuensi | Menunjukkan akibat | As a result, / This leads to... |
| 4. Kesimpulan | Menutup dengan rekomendasi | Therefore, / For these reasons, |
Dukung setiap klaim dengan bukti. Sebuah pernyataan menjadi kuat ketika ditopang evidence: data, contoh, atau pengalaman nyata.
- The data shows a 15% rise in complaints.
- For instance, three clients cancelled last month.
- Let me back up that point with last quarter's figures.
Tip: Jangan menumpuk terlalu banyak penanda. Satu penanda per peralihan sudah cukup. Yang membuat argumen terdengar matang adalah klaim + bukti, bukan banyaknya kata sambung.
Examples (English)
"Firstly, our response time is too slow. Moreover, the data shows complaints have doubled. As a result, we're losing loyal clients. Therefore, I propose we add a second support shift."
"We should invest in training. For instance, the teams that completed it last year cut errors by 30%."
"The evidence is clear: every euro spent on prevention saves us four in repairs."
Kosakata
| English | Arti (ID) | Contoh |
|---|---|---|
| firstly (adverb) | pertama | Firstly, the current process is too slow. |
| moreover (adverb) //mɔːrˈoʊ.vər// | lebih dari itu / selain itu | Moreover, it frustrates our customers. |
| as a result (phrase) | akibatnya / hasilnya | As a result, we lose repeat business. |
| therefore (adverb) | oleh karena itu | Therefore, I recommend we automate it. |
| evidence (noun) //ˈev.ɪ.dəns// | bukti | The evidence strongly supports this change. |
| for instance (phrase) | sebagai contoh | For instance, last quarter we missed ten deadlines. |
| the data shows (phrase) | data menunjukkan | The data shows a 20% drop in errors. |
| back up (a claim) (phrase) | mendukung / memperkuat (klaim) | Let me back up that claim with figures. |
Dialogue
Making the case for remote work
I'd like to make the case for two remote days a week.
Go ahead, I'm listening.
Firstly, our staff lose almost two hours a day commuting. Moreover, the data shows productivity rose 12% during the trial.
Do you have evidence for that figure?
Yes: for instance, the design team shipped three projects ahead of schedule. As a result, client satisfaction went up too.
That's a solid argument. Therefore, you'd recommend we make it permanent?
Exactly. For these reasons, I think it's the right move.
Latihan
Cek Pemahaman
1. Which marker best introduces your FIRST point?
2. Choose the marker that ADDS a new supporting reason.
3. 'Sales fell, ___ we had to cut the budget.' Best link?
4. Which phrase signals you are giving EVIDENCE?
5. Which sentence draws a logical CONCLUSION?
Lengkapi argumennya
Flashcards
firstly
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Ringkasan
- Susun argumen dalam empat tahap: Firstly → Moreover → As a result → Therefore.
- Setiap klaim butuh bukti: The data shows..., For instance..., back up dengan angka.
- Penanda sebab-akibat (as a result, this leads to) membuat penalaran mudah diikuti.
- Tutup dengan kesimpulan logis: Therefore / For these reasons.